Notice (8): Use of undefined constant title - assumed 'title' [APP/Controller/UrlsController.php, line 235]Code Context$qsData = json_decode($output)->question;
$metadata = [
title => "Best CAT Coaching In Delhi - " . implode(' | ', $qsData->topic_tags),
$slug = 'cat-verbal-reading-comprehension-according-to-the-passage-which-of-the-following' $output = '{"success":true,"question":{"_id":"mzJu35i5gTfRnF3yN","name":"readcomp96","common_data":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Scientific advances in the latter half of the twentieth century have allowed researchers to study the chemical activities taking place in the human brain during the sleep cycle in more detail. In the 1970s, Jacobs employed these advances to postulate that dreams and hallucinations share a common neurochemical mechanism with respect to the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine that accounts for the observable similarities between the two states of mind. To test the theory, researchers attempted to elucidate the role of these transmitters in the normal sleep cycle and the effect of hallucinogenic drugs on them.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Although scientists still have much to discover about the chemical complexities of the brain, serotonin appears important for managing sleep, mood, and appetite, among other important functions, while neurons release norepinephrine to facilitate alertness and mental focus. Both are discharged in high quantities only during waking states. At the onset of sleep, the activity levels of neurons that release both the neurotransmitters drop, allowing the brain first to enter the four non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM) stages of sleep. When the brain is ready to enter the fifth stage, REM, which is associated with dreaming, the levels of these two chemicals drop, virtually, to zero. The Jacobs hypothesis held that the absence of norepinephrine was required to enable the brain to remain asleep, while the absence of serotonin was necessary to allow dreaming to occur.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, is a semi-synthetic psychedelic drug which causes significant alteration of the senses, memories and awareness; at doses higher than 20 micrograms, it can have a hallucinogenic effect. LSD mimics serotonin well enough to be able to bind at most of the neurotransmitter’s receptor sites, largely inhibiting normal transmission. In addition, the drug causes the locus ceruleus, a cluster of neurons containing norepinephrine, to greatly accelerate activity. If the drug stimulates norepinephrine, thereby precluding sleep, and inhibits serotonin, which Jacobs had postulated was a necessary condition for dreaming, then the resulting hallucinations could merely be “dreaming while awake.” The research thus far is promising but inconclusive; future scientific advances should allow this theory to be tested more rigorously.</p>\n","questions":[{"type":"MCQ","index":0,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to the passage, which of the following is true of the drug lysergic acid diethlyamide?</p>\n","instructions":"","options":[{"index":0,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Research into the drug is promising but inconclusive.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":1,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The neuron receptor sites that normally bind serotonin will also bind the drug.</p>\n","is_correct":true,"feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Brilliant! <span style=\"text-align: justify;\">C</span><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">h</span><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">oice A - the research is being done on the “ dream process” and not the drug so this option gets ruled out. Choice B - it has been clearly mentioned that LSD mimics serotonin well enough to be able to bind at most of the neurotransmitter’s receptor sites. Choice C - The locus </span>ceruleus<span style=\"text-align: justify;\"> which will increase the alertness and mental focus which is the function of </span>norepinephrine<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">. Choice D - LSD simulates </span>norepinephrine<span style=\"text-align: justify;\"> and inhibits serotonin and Choice E - can have hallucination not mandatory that it will happen. </span></p>\n"},{"index":2,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The locus ceruleus causes the drug to affect bodily systems more rapidly than normal.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":3,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The drug stimulates norepinephrine and serotonin.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"feedback":"","index":4,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A person who ingests more than 20 micrograms of the drug will have hallucinations.</p>\n","is_correct":false}],"num_of_options":5,"num_of_correct_options":1,"correct_response":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Research into the drug is promising but inconclusive.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The neuron receptor sites that normally bind serotonin will also bind the drug.</p>\":true,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The locus ceruleus causes the drug to affect bodily systems more rapidly than normal.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The drug stimulates norepinephrine and serotonin.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">A person who ingests more than 20 micrograms of the drug will have hallucinations.</p>\":false}","feedback":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Research into the drug is promising but inconclusive.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The neuron receptor sites that normally bind serotonin will also bind the drug.</p>\":\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Brilliant! <span style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">C</span><span style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">h</span><span style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">oice A - the research is being done on the “ dream process” and not the drug so this option gets ruled out. Choice B - it has been clearly mentioned that LSD mimics serotonin well enough to be able to bind at most of the neurotransmitter’s receptor sites. Choice C - The locus </span>ceruleus<span style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\"> which will increase the alertness and mental focus which is the function of </span>norepinephrine<span style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">. Choice D - LSD simulates </span>norepinephrine<span style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\"> and inhibits serotonin and Choice E - can have hallucination not mandatory that it will happen. </span></p>\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The locus ceruleus causes the drug to affect bodily systems more rapidly than normal.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The drug stimulates norepinephrine and serotonin.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">A person who ingests more than 20 micrograms of the drug will have hallucinations.</p>\":\"\"}","general_wrong_feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wrong! <span style=\"text-align: justify;\">C</span><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">h</span><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">oice A - the research is being done on the “ dream process” and not the drug so this option gets ruled out. Choice B - it has been clearly mentioned that LSD mimics serotonin well enough to be able to bind at most of the neurotransmitter’s receptor sites. Choice C - The locus </span>ceruleus<span style=\"text-align: justify;\"> which will increase the alertness and mental focus which is the function of </span>norepinephrine<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">. Choice D - LSD simulates </span>norepinephrine<span style=\"text-align: justify;\"> and inhibits serotonin and Choice E - can have hallucination not mandatory that it will happen. </span></p>\n"},{"type":"MCQ","index":1,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Which of the following best represents the author's primary goal in writing the passage?</p>\n","instructions":"","options":[{"index":0,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">to outline a theory and suggest options for further research.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":1,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">to act as an advocate for additional research to help elucidate a particular theory's validity.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":2,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">to introduce a theoretical construct that has not yet been sufficiently proven.</p>\n","is_correct":true,"feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">You've got the knack! First passage: Jacob postulated some theory which is further taken up by the researchers to have understanding of role of transmitters on normal sleep and effect of hallucinogenic drugs on them. Second: theory is described. Function of transmitter on normal sleep and the whole process how is dreaming and sleeping occur (first part of the research). Third passage: How LSD effect on transmitters which can result in hallucination (second part of the research). In the end of third passage, author states that the research done in this field is promising but inconclusive.</p>\n"},{"index":3,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">to demonstrate the complexities involved in conducting a certain type of scientific research.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"feedback":"","index":4,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">to articulate a hypothesis and lay out the case for proving it.</p>\n","is_correct":false}],"num_of_options":5,"no_of_correct_options":0,"correct_response":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to outline a theory and suggest options for further research.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to act as an advocate for additional research to help elucidate a particular theory's validity.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to introduce a theoretical construct that has not yet been sufficiently proven.</p>\":true,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to demonstrate the complexities involved in conducting a certain type of scientific research.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to articulate a hypothesis and lay out the case for proving it.</p>\":false}","feedback":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to outline a theory and suggest options for further research.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to act as an advocate for additional research to help elucidate a particular theory's validity.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to introduce a theoretical construct that has not yet been sufficiently proven.</p>\":\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">You've got the knack! First passage: Jacob postulated some theory which is further taken up by the researchers to have understanding of role of transmitters on normal sleep and effect of hallucinogenic drugs on them. Second: theory is described. Function of transmitter on normal sleep and the whole process how is dreaming and sleeping occur (first part of the research). Third passage: How LSD effect on transmitters which can result in hallucination (second part of the research). In the end of third passage, author states that the research done in this field is promising but inconclusive.</p>\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to demonstrate the complexities involved in conducting a certain type of scientific research.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to articulate a hypothesis and lay out the case for proving it.</p>\":\"\"}","general_wrong_feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">You need to work harder! <span style=\"text-align: justify;\">First passage: Jacob postulated some theory which is further taken up by the researchers to have understanding of role of transmitters on normal sleep and effect of hallucinogenic drugs on them. Second: theory is described. Function of transmitter on normal sleep and the whole process how is dreaming and sleeping occur (first part of the research). Third passage: How LSD effect on transmitters which can result in hallucination (second part of the research). In the end of third passage, author states that the research done in this field is promising but inconclusive.</span></p>\n","num_of_correct_options":1},{"type":"MCQ","index":2,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Which of the following, if true, would most undermine the central premise of the Jacobs hypothesis?</p>\n","instructions":"","options":[{"index":0,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">LSD does not cause as much long-term neurological damage as previously thought.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":1,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Serotonin and norepinephrine rise and fall in tandem.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":2,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Researchers prove conclusively that the level of norepinephrine in the brain is a significant factor in enabling the brain to sleep.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":3,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Some semi-synthetic hallucinogenic drugs other than LSD do not inhibit serotonin.</p>\n","is_correct":true,"feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Astounding! Central premise would be: the absence of norepinephrine was required to enable the brain to remain asleep, while the absence of serotonin was necessary to allow dreaming to occur.<br />\n<br />\nChoice A: Somehow does not go with the context. Choice B: Which goes with the theory, both needs to be absent for dreaming. Choice C: Yes it is as absence of this would only cause to sleep but in last passage it is given that there can be chances of person dreaming when awake when norepinephrine is accelerated and Serotonin is restrained but still it is a significant factor which very well goes with passage. Choice E which is also fine. </p>\n"},{"feedback":"","index":4,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first four stages of sleep are as crucial to the process of dreaming as is the fifth stage.</p>\n","is_correct":false}],"num_of_options":5,"no_of_correct_options":0,"correct_response":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">LSD does not cause as much long-term neurological damage as previously thought.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Serotonin and norepinephrine rise and fall in tandem.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Researchers prove conclusively that the level of norepinephrine in the brain is a significant factor in enabling the brain to sleep.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Some semi-synthetic hallucinogenic drugs other than LSD do not inhibit serotonin.</p>\":true,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The first four stages of sleep are as crucial to the process of dreaming as is the fifth stage.</p>\":false}","feedback":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">LSD does not cause as much long-term neurological damage as previously thought.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Serotonin and norepinephrine rise and fall in tandem.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Researchers prove conclusively that the level of norepinephrine in the brain is a significant factor in enabling the brain to sleep.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Some semi-synthetic hallucinogenic drugs other than LSD do not inhibit serotonin.</p>\":\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Astounding! Central premise would be: the absence of norepinephrine was required to enable the brain to remain asleep, while the absence of serotonin was necessary to allow dreaming to occur.<br />\\n<br />\\nChoice A: Somehow does not go with the context. Choice B: Which goes with the theory, both needs to be absent for dreaming. Choice C: Yes it is as absence of this would only cause to sleep but in last passage it is given that there can be chances of person dreaming when awake when norepinephrine is accelerated and Serotonin is restrained but still it is a significant factor which very well goes with passage. Choice E which is also fine. </p>\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The first four stages of sleep are as crucial to the process of dreaming as is the fifth stage.</p>\":\"\"}","general_wrong_feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Incorrect! <span style=\"text-align: justify;\">Central premise would be: the absence of </span>norepinephrine<span style=\"text-align: justify;\"> was required to enable the brain to remain asleep, while the absence of serotonin was necessary to allow dreaming to occur.</span></p>\n","num_of_correct_options":1},{"type":"MCQ","index":3,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT</p>\n","instructions":"","options":[{"index":0,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Norepinephrine and serotonin are discharged only during waking states.</p>\n","is_correct":true,"feedback":"<p>Success! It is evident from the second paragraph that second statement says both are discharged in high quantities only during waking states.</p>\n"},{"index":1,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ingesting more than 20 micrograms of LSD will cause some people to hallucinate.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":2,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rapid eye movement is the stage of sleep during which people dream.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":3,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">LSD causes neurons to increase the rate at which they discharge norepinephrine.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"feedback":"","index":4,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The absence of serotonin seems to be necessary in order to enable the brain to dream.</p>\n","is_correct":false}],"num_of_options":5,"no_of_correct_options":0,"correct_response":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Norepinephrine and serotonin are discharged only during waking states.</p>\":true,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Ingesting more than 20 micrograms of LSD will cause some people to hallucinate.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Rapid eye movement is the stage of sleep during which people dream.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">LSD causes neurons to increase the rate at which they discharge norepinephrine.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The absence of serotonin seems to be necessary in order to enable the brain to dream.</p>\":false}","feedback":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Norepinephrine and serotonin are discharged only during waking states.</p>\":\"<p>Success! It is evident from the second paragraph that second statement says both are discharged in high quantities only during waking states.</p>\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Ingesting more than 20 micrograms of LSD will cause some people to hallucinate.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Rapid eye movement is the stage of sleep during which people dream.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">LSD causes neurons to increase the rate at which they discharge norepinephrine.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The absence of serotonin seems to be necessary in order to enable the brain to dream.</p>\":\"\"}","general_wrong_feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Incorrect! It is evident from the second paragraph that second statement says both are discharged in high quantities only during waking states.</p>\n","num_of_correct_options":1}],"state":"DRAFT","topic_tags":["CAT","Verbal","Reading Comprehension"]}}' $islogin = (int) 0 $qsData = object(stdClass) { _id => 'mzJu35i5gTfRnF3yN' name => 'readcomp96' common_data => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Scientific advances in the latter half of the twentieth century have allowed researchers to study the chemical activities taking place in the human brain during the sleep cycle in more detail. In the 1970s, Jacobs employed these advances to postulate that dreams and hallucinations share a common neurochemical mechanism with respect to the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine that accounts for the observable similarities between the two states of mind. To test the theory, researchers attempted to elucidate the role of these transmitters in the normal sleep cycle and the effect of hallucinogenic drugs on them.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Although scientists still have much to discover about the chemical complexities of the brain, serotonin appears important for managing sleep, mood, and appetite, among other important functions, while neurons release norepinephrine to facilitate alertness and mental focus. Both are discharged in high quantities only during waking states. At the onset of sleep, the activity levels of neurons that release both the neurotransmitters drop, allowing the brain first to enter the four non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM) stages of sleep. When the brain is ready to enter the fifth stage, REM, which is associated with dreaming, the levels of these two chemicals drop, virtually, to zero. The Jacobs hypothesis held that the absence of norepinephrine was required to enable the brain to remain asleep, while the absence of serotonin was necessary to allow dreaming to occur.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, is a semi-synthetic psychedelic drug which causes significant alteration of the senses, memories and awareness; at doses higher than 20 micrograms, it can have a hallucinogenic effect. LSD mimics serotonin well enough to be able to bind at most of the neurotransmitter’s receptor sites, largely inhibiting normal transmission. In addition, the drug causes the locus ceruleus, a cluster of neurons containing norepinephrine, to greatly accelerate activity. If the drug stimulates norepinephrine, thereby precluding sleep, and inhibits serotonin, which Jacobs had postulated was a necessary condition for dreaming, then the resulting hallucinations could merely be “dreaming while awake.” The research thus far is promising but inconclusive; future scientific advances should allow this theory to be tested more rigorously.</p> ' questions => array( (int) 0 => object(stdClass) {}, (int) 1 => object(stdClass) {}, (int) 2 => object(stdClass) {}, (int) 3 => object(stdClass) {} ) state => 'DRAFT' topic_tags => array( (int) 0 => 'CAT', (int) 1 => 'Verbal', (int) 2 => 'Reading Comprehension' ) }UrlsController::question() - APP/Controller/UrlsController.php, line 235 ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ?? Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 499 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118
Notice (8): Use of undefined constant desc - assumed 'desc' [APP/Controller/UrlsController.php, line 236]Code Context$metadata = [
title => "Best CAT Coaching In Delhi - " . implode(' | ', $qsData->topic_tags),
desc => !empty($qsData->common_data) ? substr(strip_tags($qsData->common_data), 0, 200) . '...' : $qsData->questions[0]->statement ? substr(strip_tags($qsData->questions[0]->statement), 0, 200) . '...' : 'Best CAT coaching CAT preparation and Personalised learning with unlimited classes, from Alchemist'
$slug = 'cat-verbal-reading-comprehension-according-to-the-passage-which-of-the-following' $output = '{"success":true,"question":{"_id":"mzJu35i5gTfRnF3yN","name":"readcomp96","common_data":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Scientific advances in the latter half of the twentieth century have allowed researchers to study the chemical activities taking place in the human brain during the sleep cycle in more detail. In the 1970s, Jacobs employed these advances to postulate that dreams and hallucinations share a common neurochemical mechanism with respect to the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine that accounts for the observable similarities between the two states of mind. To test the theory, researchers attempted to elucidate the role of these transmitters in the normal sleep cycle and the effect of hallucinogenic drugs on them.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Although scientists still have much to discover about the chemical complexities of the brain, serotonin appears important for managing sleep, mood, and appetite, among other important functions, while neurons release norepinephrine to facilitate alertness and mental focus. Both are discharged in high quantities only during waking states. At the onset of sleep, the activity levels of neurons that release both the neurotransmitters drop, allowing the brain first to enter the four non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM) stages of sleep. When the brain is ready to enter the fifth stage, REM, which is associated with dreaming, the levels of these two chemicals drop, virtually, to zero. The Jacobs hypothesis held that the absence of norepinephrine was required to enable the brain to remain asleep, while the absence of serotonin was necessary to allow dreaming to occur.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, is a semi-synthetic psychedelic drug which causes significant alteration of the senses, memories and awareness; at doses higher than 20 micrograms, it can have a hallucinogenic effect. LSD mimics serotonin well enough to be able to bind at most of the neurotransmitter’s receptor sites, largely inhibiting normal transmission. In addition, the drug causes the locus ceruleus, a cluster of neurons containing norepinephrine, to greatly accelerate activity. If the drug stimulates norepinephrine, thereby precluding sleep, and inhibits serotonin, which Jacobs had postulated was a necessary condition for dreaming, then the resulting hallucinations could merely be “dreaming while awake.” The research thus far is promising but inconclusive; future scientific advances should allow this theory to be tested more rigorously.</p>\n","questions":[{"type":"MCQ","index":0,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to the passage, which of the following is true of the drug lysergic acid diethlyamide?</p>\n","instructions":"","options":[{"index":0,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Research into the drug is promising but inconclusive.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":1,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The neuron receptor sites that normally bind serotonin will also bind the drug.</p>\n","is_correct":true,"feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Brilliant! <span style=\"text-align: justify;\">C</span><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">h</span><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">oice A - the research is being done on the “ dream process” and not the drug so this option gets ruled out. Choice B - it has been clearly mentioned that LSD mimics serotonin well enough to be able to bind at most of the neurotransmitter’s receptor sites. Choice C - The locus </span>ceruleus<span style=\"text-align: justify;\"> which will increase the alertness and mental focus which is the function of </span>norepinephrine<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">. Choice D - LSD simulates </span>norepinephrine<span style=\"text-align: justify;\"> and inhibits serotonin and Choice E - can have hallucination not mandatory that it will happen. </span></p>\n"},{"index":2,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The locus ceruleus causes the drug to affect bodily systems more rapidly than normal.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":3,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The drug stimulates norepinephrine and serotonin.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"feedback":"","index":4,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A person who ingests more than 20 micrograms of the drug will have hallucinations.</p>\n","is_correct":false}],"num_of_options":5,"num_of_correct_options":1,"correct_response":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Research into the drug is promising but inconclusive.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The neuron receptor sites that normally bind serotonin will also bind the drug.</p>\":true,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The locus ceruleus causes the drug to affect bodily systems more rapidly than normal.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The drug stimulates norepinephrine and serotonin.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">A person who ingests more than 20 micrograms of the drug will have hallucinations.</p>\":false}","feedback":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Research into the drug is promising but inconclusive.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The neuron receptor sites that normally bind serotonin will also bind the drug.</p>\":\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Brilliant! <span style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">C</span><span style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">h</span><span style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">oice A - the research is being done on the “ dream process” and not the drug so this option gets ruled out. Choice B - it has been clearly mentioned that LSD mimics serotonin well enough to be able to bind at most of the neurotransmitter’s receptor sites. Choice C - The locus </span>ceruleus<span style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\"> which will increase the alertness and mental focus which is the function of </span>norepinephrine<span style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">. Choice D - LSD simulates </span>norepinephrine<span style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\"> and inhibits serotonin and Choice E - can have hallucination not mandatory that it will happen. </span></p>\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The locus ceruleus causes the drug to affect bodily systems more rapidly than normal.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The drug stimulates norepinephrine and serotonin.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">A person who ingests more than 20 micrograms of the drug will have hallucinations.</p>\":\"\"}","general_wrong_feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wrong! <span style=\"text-align: justify;\">C</span><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">h</span><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">oice A - the research is being done on the “ dream process” and not the drug so this option gets ruled out. Choice B - it has been clearly mentioned that LSD mimics serotonin well enough to be able to bind at most of the neurotransmitter’s receptor sites. Choice C - The locus </span>ceruleus<span style=\"text-align: justify;\"> which will increase the alertness and mental focus which is the function of </span>norepinephrine<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">. Choice D - LSD simulates </span>norepinephrine<span style=\"text-align: justify;\"> and inhibits serotonin and Choice E - can have hallucination not mandatory that it will happen. </span></p>\n"},{"type":"MCQ","index":1,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Which of the following best represents the author's primary goal in writing the passage?</p>\n","instructions":"","options":[{"index":0,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">to outline a theory and suggest options for further research.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":1,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">to act as an advocate for additional research to help elucidate a particular theory's validity.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":2,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">to introduce a theoretical construct that has not yet been sufficiently proven.</p>\n","is_correct":true,"feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">You've got the knack! First passage: Jacob postulated some theory which is further taken up by the researchers to have understanding of role of transmitters on normal sleep and effect of hallucinogenic drugs on them. Second: theory is described. Function of transmitter on normal sleep and the whole process how is dreaming and sleeping occur (first part of the research). Third passage: How LSD effect on transmitters which can result in hallucination (second part of the research). In the end of third passage, author states that the research done in this field is promising but inconclusive.</p>\n"},{"index":3,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">to demonstrate the complexities involved in conducting a certain type of scientific research.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"feedback":"","index":4,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">to articulate a hypothesis and lay out the case for proving it.</p>\n","is_correct":false}],"num_of_options":5,"no_of_correct_options":0,"correct_response":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to outline a theory and suggest options for further research.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to act as an advocate for additional research to help elucidate a particular theory's validity.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to introduce a theoretical construct that has not yet been sufficiently proven.</p>\":true,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to demonstrate the complexities involved in conducting a certain type of scientific research.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to articulate a hypothesis and lay out the case for proving it.</p>\":false}","feedback":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to outline a theory and suggest options for further research.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to act as an advocate for additional research to help elucidate a particular theory's validity.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to introduce a theoretical construct that has not yet been sufficiently proven.</p>\":\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">You've got the knack! First passage: Jacob postulated some theory which is further taken up by the researchers to have understanding of role of transmitters on normal sleep and effect of hallucinogenic drugs on them. Second: theory is described. Function of transmitter on normal sleep and the whole process how is dreaming and sleeping occur (first part of the research). Third passage: How LSD effect on transmitters which can result in hallucination (second part of the research). In the end of third passage, author states that the research done in this field is promising but inconclusive.</p>\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to demonstrate the complexities involved in conducting a certain type of scientific research.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">to articulate a hypothesis and lay out the case for proving it.</p>\":\"\"}","general_wrong_feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">You need to work harder! <span style=\"text-align: justify;\">First passage: Jacob postulated some theory which is further taken up by the researchers to have understanding of role of transmitters on normal sleep and effect of hallucinogenic drugs on them. Second: theory is described. Function of transmitter on normal sleep and the whole process how is dreaming and sleeping occur (first part of the research). Third passage: How LSD effect on transmitters which can result in hallucination (second part of the research). In the end of third passage, author states that the research done in this field is promising but inconclusive.</span></p>\n","num_of_correct_options":1},{"type":"MCQ","index":2,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Which of the following, if true, would most undermine the central premise of the Jacobs hypothesis?</p>\n","instructions":"","options":[{"index":0,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">LSD does not cause as much long-term neurological damage as previously thought.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":1,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Serotonin and norepinephrine rise and fall in tandem.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":2,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Researchers prove conclusively that the level of norepinephrine in the brain is a significant factor in enabling the brain to sleep.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":3,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Some semi-synthetic hallucinogenic drugs other than LSD do not inhibit serotonin.</p>\n","is_correct":true,"feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Astounding! Central premise would be: the absence of norepinephrine was required to enable the brain to remain asleep, while the absence of serotonin was necessary to allow dreaming to occur.<br />\n<br />\nChoice A: Somehow does not go with the context. Choice B: Which goes with the theory, both needs to be absent for dreaming. Choice C: Yes it is as absence of this would only cause to sleep but in last passage it is given that there can be chances of person dreaming when awake when norepinephrine is accelerated and Serotonin is restrained but still it is a significant factor which very well goes with passage. Choice E which is also fine. </p>\n"},{"feedback":"","index":4,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first four stages of sleep are as crucial to the process of dreaming as is the fifth stage.</p>\n","is_correct":false}],"num_of_options":5,"no_of_correct_options":0,"correct_response":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">LSD does not cause as much long-term neurological damage as previously thought.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Serotonin and norepinephrine rise and fall in tandem.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Researchers prove conclusively that the level of norepinephrine in the brain is a significant factor in enabling the brain to sleep.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Some semi-synthetic hallucinogenic drugs other than LSD do not inhibit serotonin.</p>\":true,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The first four stages of sleep are as crucial to the process of dreaming as is the fifth stage.</p>\":false}","feedback":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">LSD does not cause as much long-term neurological damage as previously thought.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Serotonin and norepinephrine rise and fall in tandem.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Researchers prove conclusively that the level of norepinephrine in the brain is a significant factor in enabling the brain to sleep.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Some semi-synthetic hallucinogenic drugs other than LSD do not inhibit serotonin.</p>\":\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Astounding! Central premise would be: the absence of norepinephrine was required to enable the brain to remain asleep, while the absence of serotonin was necessary to allow dreaming to occur.<br />\\n<br />\\nChoice A: Somehow does not go with the context. Choice B: Which goes with the theory, both needs to be absent for dreaming. Choice C: Yes it is as absence of this would only cause to sleep but in last passage it is given that there can be chances of person dreaming when awake when norepinephrine is accelerated and Serotonin is restrained but still it is a significant factor which very well goes with passage. Choice E which is also fine. </p>\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The first four stages of sleep are as crucial to the process of dreaming as is the fifth stage.</p>\":\"\"}","general_wrong_feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Incorrect! <span style=\"text-align: justify;\">Central premise would be: the absence of </span>norepinephrine<span style=\"text-align: justify;\"> was required to enable the brain to remain asleep, while the absence of serotonin was necessary to allow dreaming to occur.</span></p>\n","num_of_correct_options":1},{"type":"MCQ","index":3,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT</p>\n","instructions":"","options":[{"index":0,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Norepinephrine and serotonin are discharged only during waking states.</p>\n","is_correct":true,"feedback":"<p>Success! It is evident from the second paragraph that second statement says both are discharged in high quantities only during waking states.</p>\n"},{"index":1,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ingesting more than 20 micrograms of LSD will cause some people to hallucinate.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":2,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rapid eye movement is the stage of sleep during which people dream.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"index":3,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">LSD causes neurons to increase the rate at which they discharge norepinephrine.</p>\n","is_correct":false,"feedback":""},{"feedback":"","index":4,"statement":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The absence of serotonin seems to be necessary in order to enable the brain to dream.</p>\n","is_correct":false}],"num_of_options":5,"no_of_correct_options":0,"correct_response":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Norepinephrine and serotonin are discharged only during waking states.</p>\":true,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Ingesting more than 20 micrograms of LSD will cause some people to hallucinate.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Rapid eye movement is the stage of sleep during which people dream.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">LSD causes neurons to increase the rate at which they discharge norepinephrine.</p>\":false,\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The absence of serotonin seems to be necessary in order to enable the brain to dream.</p>\":false}","feedback":"{\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Norepinephrine and serotonin are discharged only during waking states.</p>\":\"<p>Success! It is evident from the second paragraph that second statement says both are discharged in high quantities only during waking states.</p>\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Ingesting more than 20 micrograms of LSD will cause some people to hallucinate.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">Rapid eye movement is the stage of sleep during which people dream.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">LSD causes neurons to increase the rate at which they discharge norepinephrine.</p>\":\"\",\"<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\">The absence of serotonin seems to be necessary in order to enable the brain to dream.</p>\":\"\"}","general_wrong_feedback":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Incorrect! It is evident from the second paragraph that second statement says both are discharged in high quantities only during waking states.</p>\n","num_of_correct_options":1}],"state":"DRAFT","topic_tags":["CAT","Verbal","Reading Comprehension"]}}' $islogin = (int) 0 $qsData = object(stdClass) { _id => 'mzJu35i5gTfRnF3yN' name => 'readcomp96' common_data => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Scientific advances in the latter half of the twentieth century have allowed researchers to study the chemical activities taking place in the human brain during the sleep cycle in more detail. In the 1970s, Jacobs employed these advances to postulate that dreams and hallucinations share a common neurochemical mechanism with respect to the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine that accounts for the observable similarities between the two states of mind. To test the theory, researchers attempted to elucidate the role of these transmitters in the normal sleep cycle and the effect of hallucinogenic drugs on them.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Although scientists still have much to discover about the chemical complexities of the brain, serotonin appears important for managing sleep, mood, and appetite, among other important functions, while neurons release norepinephrine to facilitate alertness and mental focus. Both are discharged in high quantities only during waking states. At the onset of sleep, the activity levels of neurons that release both the neurotransmitters drop, allowing the brain first to enter the four non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM) stages of sleep. When the brain is ready to enter the fifth stage, REM, which is associated with dreaming, the levels of these two chemicals drop, virtually, to zero. The Jacobs hypothesis held that the absence of norepinephrine was required to enable the brain to remain asleep, while the absence of serotonin was necessary to allow dreaming to occur.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, is a semi-synthetic psychedelic drug which causes significant alteration of the senses, memories and awareness; at doses higher than 20 micrograms, it can have a hallucinogenic effect. LSD mimics serotonin well enough to be able to bind at most of the neurotransmitter’s receptor sites, largely inhibiting normal transmission. In addition, the drug causes the locus ceruleus, a cluster of neurons containing norepinephrine, to greatly accelerate activity. If the drug stimulates norepinephrine, thereby precluding sleep, and inhibits serotonin, which Jacobs had postulated was a necessary condition for dreaming, then the resulting hallucinations could merely be “dreaming while awake.” The research thus far is promising but inconclusive; future scientific advances should allow this theory to be tested more rigorously.</p> ' questions => array( (int) 0 => object(stdClass) {}, (int) 1 => object(stdClass) {}, (int) 2 => object(stdClass) {}, (int) 3 => object(stdClass) {} ) state => 'DRAFT' topic_tags => array( (int) 0 => 'CAT', (int) 1 => 'Verbal', (int) 2 => 'Reading Comprehension' ) }UrlsController::question() - APP/Controller/UrlsController.php, line 236 ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ?? Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 499 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118
Scientific advances in the latter half of the twentieth century have allowed researchers to study the chemical activities taking place in the human brain during the sleep cycle in more detail. In the 1970s, Jacobs employed these advances to postulate that dreams and hallucinations share a common neurochemical mechanism with respect to the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine that accounts for the observable similarities between the two states of mind. To test the theory, researchers attempted to elucidate the role of these transmitters in the normal sleep cycle and the effect of hallucinogenic drugs on them.
Although scientists still have much to discover about the chemical complexities of the brain, serotonin appears important for managing sleep, mood, and appetite, among other important functions, while neurons release norepinephrine to facilitate alertness and mental focus. Both are discharged in high quantities only during waking states. At the onset of sleep, the activity levels of neurons that release both the neurotransmitters drop, allowing the brain first to enter the four non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM) stages of sleep. When the brain is ready to enter the fifth stage, REM, which is associated with dreaming, the levels of these two chemicals drop, virtually, to zero. The Jacobs hypothesis held that the absence of norepinephrine was required to enable the brain to remain asleep, while the absence of serotonin was necessary to allow dreaming to occur.
Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, is a semi-synthetic psychedelic drug which causes significant alteration of the senses, memories and awareness; at doses higher than 20 micrograms, it can have a hallucinogenic effect. LSD mimics serotonin well enough to be able to bind at most of the neurotransmitter’s receptor sites, largely inhibiting normal transmission. In addition, the drug causes the locus ceruleus, a cluster of neurons containing norepinephrine, to greatly accelerate activity. If the drug stimulates norepinephrine, thereby precluding sleep, and inhibits serotonin, which Jacobs had postulated was a necessary condition for dreaming, then the resulting hallucinations could merely be “dreaming while awake.” The research thus far is promising but inconclusive; future scientific advances should allow this theory to be tested more rigorously.
Type : MCQ
According to the passage, which of the following is true of the drug lysergic acid diethlyamide?
Type : MCQ
Which of the following best represents the author's primary goal in writing the passage?
Type : MCQ
Which of the following, if true, would most undermine the central premise of the Jacobs hypothesis?
Type : MCQ
According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT
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